Mark David Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks (New York, 1999).
Karl Jacoby, Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation (Berkeley, 2001).
Benjamin Johnson, “Wilderness Parks and Their Discontents,” in American Wilderness: A New History, ed. Michael Lewis (New York, 2007), 113–30.

William Cronon, “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature,” in Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York, 1995), 69–90.
Carolyn Merchant, “Shades of Darkness: Race and Environmental History,” Environmental History, 8 (no. 3, 2003), 380–88.
J. Baird Callicott and Michael P. Nelson, eds., The Great New Wilderness Debate: An Expansive Collection of Writings Defining Wilderness from John Muir to Gary Snyder (Athens, Ga., 1998).
J. Baird Callicott and Michael P. Nelson, eds., The Wilderness Debate Rages On: Continuing the Great New Wilderness Debate (Athens, Ga., 2008).
Mark Harvey, Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act (Seattle, 2005).
Paul Sutter, Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement (Seattle, 2002).
Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, 2001).
Doug Scott, The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting Our Natural Heritage through the Wilderness Act (Boulder, 2004)

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston, 1962).
Adam Rome, “‘Give Earth a Chance’: The Environmental Movement and the Sixties,” Journal of American History, 90 (Sept. 2003), 525–54.
Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement, (Washington, 2005).
Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 (New York, 1987).
Hal K. Rothman, Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945 (Fort Worth, 1997).

Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York, 1921).
Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (1931)
David M. Emmons, “Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West,” Western Historical Quarterly, 25 (Winter 1994), 437–59.
Joan M. Jenson, A. Yvette Huginnie, Albert L. Hurtado, Charles Reagan Wilson, Edward L. Ayers, William Cronon, and David Emmons, “A Roundtable of Responses,” ibid., 461–88.
Charles Wilkinson, “Paradise Revised,” in Atlas of the New West: Portrait of a Changing Region, ed. William Riebsame (New York, 1997), 15–18.
Joseph E. Taylor III, “The Many Lives of the New West,” Western Historical Quarterly, 35 (Summer 2004), 141–65.

Further Reading